By Andrzej T. Slominski, Michal A. Zmijewski, Cezary Skobowiat, Blazej Zbytek, Radomir M. Slominski, Jeffery D. Steketee
ISBN-10: 3642196829
ISBN-13: 9783642196829
ISBN-10: 3642196837
ISBN-13: 9783642196836
The epidermis, the body’s greatest organ, is strategically situated on the interface with the exterior atmosphere the place it detects, integrates and responds to a various diversity of stressors, together with sunlight radiation. It has already been demonstrated that the outside is a crucial peripheral neuroendocrine-immune organ that's heavily networked with principal regulatory structures. those functions give a contribution to the upkeep of peripheral homeostasis. in particular, epidermal and dermal cells produce and reply to classical tension neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones, creation that is prompted by means of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), organic elements (infectious and non-infectious) and different actual and chemical brokers. Examples of neighborhood biologically energetic items are cytokines, biogenic amines (catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and N-acetyl-serotonin), melatonin, acetylocholine, neuropeptides together with pituitary (proopiomelanocortin-derived ACTH, b-endorphin or MSH peptides, thyroid stimulating hormone) and hypothalamic (corticotropin-releasing issue and similar urocortins, thyroid-releasing hormone) hormones, in addition to enkephalins and dynorphins, thyroid hormones, steroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, intercourse hormones, 7-δ steroids), secosteroids, opioids and endocannabinoids. The construction of those molecules is hierarchical, equipped alongside the algorithms of classical neuroendocrine axes equivalent to the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), hypothalamic-thyroid axis (HPT), serotoninergic, melatoninergic, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, steroid/secosteroidogenic, opioid and endocannabinoid structures. Disruptions of those axes or of verbal exchange among them could lead on to dermis and/or systemic ailments. those neighborhood neuroendocrine networks additionally serve to restrict the impression of noxious environmental brokers to maintain neighborhood and therefore worldwide homeostasis. in addition, the skin-derived factors/systems may also turn on cutaneous nerve endings to alert the mind to adjustments within the epidermal or dermal environments, or then again to turn on different coordinating facilities by means of direct (spinal twine) neurotransmission with out mind involvement. additionally, quick and reciprocal communications among epidermal and dermal and adnexal cubicles also are mediated by means of neurotransmission together with antidromic modes of conduction. finally, pores and skin cells and the surface as an organ coordinate and/or keep watch over not just peripheral but additionally international homeostasis.
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Additional info for Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System
Example text
The expression was further found in sensory nerve endings abutting the epidermal layers (Slominski et al. 2005c). Melatonin-like immunoreactivity in human skin was detected on differentiating keratinocytes in spinous and granular layers of the epidermis (Fig. 5). The antigen was not expressed in keratinocytes of basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis, while being found in singly scattered melanocytes. Melatonin immunoreactivity was also detected throughout the hair follicle epithelium, in blood vessels, and cutaneous mast cells (Slominski et al.
A role for 5-HT2A in UVB-induced skin photocarcinogenesis was also suggested (Sreevidya et al. 2008, 2010). Other authors proposed that cis-UCA and serotonin mediate UVB-induced immunomodulation, however, via independent pathways in which cis-UCA does not act through 5-HT2A (Kaneko et al. 2009). Thus, there is sufficient information to support involvement of the local serotoninergic system in cutaneous responses to the UV light; however, the mechanism may be more complex than originally anticipated.
2008; Nordlind et al. 2008; Rasul et al. 2011; Thorslund et al. 2009). Similar pattern is found in the murine epidermis affected by contact eczema. Furthermore, both eczematous and psoriatic human skin shows increased number of mononuclear cells expressing 5HTT (reviewed by Nordlind et al. 2008). In addition, serotonin can act as a chemoattractant for eosinophils, probably by binding to 5-HT2A receptors. It is involved in the mast cell recruitment to the site of tissue injury through the activation of 5-HT1A, however, without inducing their degranulation (Nordlind et al.
Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System by Andrzej T. Slominski, Michal A. Zmijewski, Cezary Skobowiat, Blazej Zbytek, Radomir M. Slominski, Jeffery D. Steketee
by Ronald
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