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Additional resources for Energy efficient buildings with solar and geothermal resources

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9 Climate effect To understand the weather impact together with site density effects, apartment blocks are simulated for Stuttgart/Germany, Ankara/Turkey and Hong Kong/China weather data. In all climates the cooling demand decreases with increasing site density and the heating demand increases. In heating-dominated climates such as Germany, the overall energy demand for heating and cooling thus slightly increases by 6% for the highest site density. In Ankara/Turkey with comparable heating demand, but double the cooling demand than in Stuttgart/Germany, there is an optimum for the total energy demand at 30% site density.

G. in ofƓce buildings, shading of the TTI surfaces in the summer should likewise be provided. The orientation of the transparently insulated facade is crucial both for energy gain in the winter and for protection against overheating in the summer. Facade orientations between southeast and south-west are suitable. Twice as much energy, some 400ǭkWhǭm-2, falls on a south-facing facade in the heating season than on an east- or west-facing one. In addition, the low winter sun position facilitates good light transmission by the TTI material.

Shading factors The product of total energy transmittance g and shading factor F determines the solar gains to a building. 12) where gw is the total energy transmission factor of the window and pane, and F is the area proportion of windows. 5 As too high solar gains lead to overheating of buildings, the product of energy transmittance and shading factor needs to be limited. The limiting values should be lower, if the building has a lightweight construction and cannot be naturally ventilated in the summer.

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